Understanding Linux – a guide for beginners

Linux is not just an operating system – it is a real adventure in the world of technology. In our article“Understanding Linux – a beginner’s guide” we will open the door to a fascinating world, full of possibilities waiting to be discovered. Get ready to enrich your knowledge and skills, as we will take you step by step on this amazing journey.

We’ll start with the basics so you understand what Linux is and why it has won so many enthusiasts around the world. We’ll explain the differences between Linux and other operating systems, and show how its flexibility and configurability make it the optimal choice for both individuals and businesses.

Don’t be afraid that Linux will be too complicated – we have written this guide specifically with beginners in mind. We will try to present everything in simple words so that anyone, regardless of experience, can use this system efficiently. Join us on this amazing journey through the world of Penguin, and you may discover that this is the operating system you need.

• Linux – what kind of system is it?
• Linux Dictionary.
• How to install Linux?
• Understanding Linux (Linux “cmd”).
• Linux – working with libraries.
• Linux configuration capabilities.
• Is Linux secure?
• Summary.

Linux – a mysterious hero in the world of operating systems

Before we start exploring the ins and outs, it’s worth answering the question: Linux, what is it? What exactly is it and how does it compare to other operating systems.

Linux is a kernel-based operating system (the kernel is the heart of an operating system, managing a computer’s hardware resources) called Linux, which was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Since then, Linux has evolved, thanks to a huge community of developers and enthusiasts around the world who work together to develop it.

Unlike operating systems such as Windows or macOS, Linux is open source, which means that anyone can freely modify and customize it. It is this aspect that has made Penguin so popular, especially among developers and system administrators. It gives them unlimited possibilities for configuration and integration with other tools.

One of the most distinctive features of Linux is its flexibility. The system can be customized for virtually any application, from simple home computers to servers to supercomputers. This flexibility has made Linux extremely popular in a variety of industries and scientific fields. The system is also extremely secure and stable, a result of its openness and the active cooperation of the developer community, which is constantly improving and patching the system. Compared to other systems

operating systems, Linux is not as vulnerable to viruses or spyware, making it an attractive choice for users who value the security and privacy of their data.

Now that you know what Linux is and what its main advantages are, we invite you to continue exploring its fascinating world. In the following sections of our guide you will learn more about distributions, installation and first steps on this remarkable platform. The Linux adventure is just beginning!

Penguin Alphabet – basic concepts for future Linux users

As you delve into the fascinating world of Linux, it is useful to understand a few basic concepts that will help you find your way around this remarkable environment. So let’s explore a few of them:

1. Distribution – is a specific release of Linux, containing the system kernel (kernel) and a set of additional programs, tools and interfaces. With many distributions available, any user can find a version of Linux that suits their needs and skills.
2. Kernel – is the heart of the operating system, responsible for managing the computer’s hardware resources. In Linux, the kernel is extremely flexible and can be configured according to user requirements.
3. Terminal – is a tool that allows you to enter text commands into the system. With the terminal, the user can perform various operations, such as file management, software installation and system configuration.
4. GUI (Graphical User Interface) – This is a graphical user interface that allows you to interact with the system using icons, menus and other visual elements. In Linux, there are many different desktop environments to choose from, such as GNOME, KDE and XFCE.
5. Linux what file system – in Linux there are many different file systems that determine how data is stored and managed on the hard drive. Some of them are: ext4, Btrfs, XFS or ZFS.

It may seem daunting at first, but remember that understanding and mastering these concepts can open the door to amazing opportunities!

How to install Linux?

Have you made a decision and want to change your operating system, but don’t know how to do it? Be sure to follow the steps below:

• Step 1: Select a distribution

Start by choosing the right Linux distribution for you. You can choose from a number of popular options, such as Ubuntu, Fedora or Debian. Remember that each has its own unique features, so take a moment to compare them.

• Step 2: Download the operating system image

After selecting a distribution, visit its official website and download the system image (ISO). This is the file that will be used to prepare the installation media.

• Step 3: Prepare the installation media

Now you need to prepare the installation media – it can be a USB flash drive or a DVD. Use a tool such as Rufus or Etcher to burn the downloaded system image to the media of your choice.

• Step 4: BIOS/UEFI Settings

Turn on the computer on which you intend to install Linux, then enter the BIOS or UEFI. Find the boot sequence option and make sure your installation media is set to be first in the list.

• Step 5: Start the installation

Save the changes to the BIOS/UEFI and reboot the computer. The Linux installer should automatically start. Follow the on-screen instructions to configure the language, time zone, keyboard and other basic options.

• Step 6: Partition the hard drive

During the installation, you will have the option to partition your hard drive. Decide whether you want to install Linux alongside another operating system (dual boot) or on the entire disk. Perform the partitioning carefully to avoid losing important data.

• Step 7: Install and configure the system

Once all options are set, the installer will begin the process of installing Linux on your computer. Once the installation is complete, you will be able to configure your user account and other individual settings.

Congratulations, you have just become a happy Linux user!

Working in the terminal – basic commands and their use

Terminal is a powerful tool that allows you to effectively manage your Linux system using text commands. Below you will find basic commands that will help you discover the secrets of the system:

(illustration showing a table of basic commands for Linux; source : https://copyman.pl, for ITH operator)

If you want to learn how to use these commands, open a terminal and start experimenting. As you gain practice, you will discover more and more “spells” that will allow you to navigate the Linux world with complete freedom. Remember that the terminal is just the beginning, and the number of available commands is almost unlimited. All you need is a little patience and commitment to master this skill.

Linux – working with packages and libraries

In the Linux world, software is often delivered in the form of packages, which contain both applications and the libraries needed to run them. Managing packages and libraries in Linux is different from popular operating systems such as Windows or macOS.

(illustration showing a comparison of how software is managed in the three operating systems)

In Linux, package management is done with special tools that are integrated into the system. The available tools depend on the Linux distribution one uses:

1. Debian, Ubuntu: apt-get or apt
2. Fedora: dnf
3. RHEL, CentOS: yum
4. Arch Linux: pacman
5. OpenSUSE: zypper

These tools allow you to quickly and easily find, install, update and remove packages. Libraries, which are sets of functions used by many applications, are automatically managed by the package system. As a result, users don’t have to worry about compatibility or conflicts between different programs.

On Windows and macOS, installing software usually involves downloading an installer and running it, which is a more manual process. On macOS, however, there is an unofficial tool called Homebrew that implements a package-based approach, similar to what Linux offers.

Mastering package management in Linux will allow you to effectively use the wealth of software available and keep your system updated and problem-free.

Linux configuration – networking, sound, desktop appearance, etc.

Linux is not only a powerful tool, but also a canvas on which you can create your own unique masterpiece. The configuration possibilities are almost endless, from networking and sound to the look of your desktop. Here are some areas where you can make your Linux a true masterpiece:

1. Networking – whether you use a wired or wireless connection, network configuration in Linux is crucial. Tools such as nmcli, nmtui and the graphical NetworkManager will help you easily manage your network settings.
2. Sound – Linux supports various sound systems, such as ALSA, PulseAudio or JACK. With tools such as alsamixer pavucontrol or qjackctl, you can adjust the volume, balance or sound sources according to your preferences.
3. Desktop Appearance – Linux offers many desktop environments, such as GNOME, KDE Plasma, Xfce and MATE. Each allows for remarkable personalization, from changing the wallpaper to customizing the composition of windows and the taskbar.
4. Window Gestor – in Linux you can choose both classic and dynamic window managers, such as Openbox, i3, Awesome or dwm. They allow you to organize your workspace efficiently and affect the way you move between windows and virtual desktops.
5. Icons and themes – you can change the look of your Linux system by installing different icon sets and themes. There are hundreds of free and paid packages available that will make your Linux look completely different.
6. Customizing applications – Many applications, especially open-source ones, offer customizable looks and features. You can modify settings, install plug-ins or change skins to customize programs to suit your needs.

The range of possibilities for configuring Linux is enormous. It allows you to express yourself and explore new and exciting paths on your way to mastering this flexible and versatile operating system.

Linux security – protection against cyber criminals. ITH on guard!

Security is one of the pillars on which the Linux philosophy is based. The system offers a number of tools and practices that guarantee protection from online threats. Here are some of them and how ITH, a secure Internet provider, can help keep your system secure:

• Antiviruses – although this system is considered more resistant to viruses than other operating systems, it is worth installing antivirus software such as ClamAV or Sophos. ITH also offers its own antivirus solutions that are optimized for Linux systems.

• Firewall – The Linux firewall system is based on the iptables tool. It can be configured using interfaces such as UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) or GUFW graphical. ITH provides network protection services that include firewall management and network traffic monitoring.

• User permissions – In Linux, each user has certain permissions that restrict access to the system and resources. This ensures that even if an intruder gains access to an account with limited privileges, he won’t be able to do much damage. ITH helps manage permissions by offering support in creating and configuring user accounts and monitoring their activity.

• Updates – Regular system and software updates are key to maintaining security. Linux makes it easy and fast to install updates using built-in package management tools. ITH also provides an update management service, monitoring available patches and notifying users when they need to install them.

• Encryption – Linux allows you to encrypt the data on your drive with tools such as LUKS or dm-crypt. This ensures that even if your device is stolen, a third party will not be able to access your data. ITH offers encryption consulting services to help customers choose the right tools and strategies.

By working with ITH, you not only gain access to advanced Linux security tools and services, but also to the knowledge and experience of experts who will help you secure your system at the highest level. As a result, your Linux will be like a fortress, immune to all intrusion attempts and attacks from intruders.

Summary

If you’ve made it to this point and haven’t taken a little nap in the meantime (like our bored penguin), I’d like to thank you for reading this article.

“Understanding Linux – A Beginner’s Guide” is an article that introduces the reader to the fascinating world of Linux. Designed for people who want to learn about this operating system, the guide covers a variety of topics such as:

• Differences between Linux and other operating systems,
• Basic concepts related to Linux, such as distributions, kernel, terminal or GUI,
• Step-by-step system installation,
• Working in the terminal, including basic commands,
• Management of packages and libraries and their comparison with popular operating systems,
• System configuration, from networking and sound to desktop appearance,
• Security in Linux, including antivirus, firewalls, user permissions, and working with ITH as a secure Internet provider.

The article shows that Linux is a flexible, versatile and secure operating system that can be customized to meet the needs of any user. With this guide, novice users will be able to easily get started with Linux, discovering its advantages and customization and configuration options.